The Island That Switches Countries Every Six Months
There's a tiny, uninhabited island in the middle of the Bidassoa River that separates France and Spain. It's neither a tourist hot spot, nor is it easily located on a map. But there's something that sets the Pheasant Island apart from the rest; the island changes hands every six months. Governed by this arrangement for almost four centuries, the island passes to Spain in February, and to France in August. Moreover, this peculiar system is underpinned by a peace treaty that has altered the course of European history.
The protracted wars between France and Spain in the 17th century compelled the two countries to engage in peace negotiations.
However, when neither side was willing to negotiate on their own soil, this small island was declared a neutral zone. After months of negotiations, the Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed here in 1659. This agreement clarified the border between the two countries, some regions changed hands, and the balance of Europe was reestablished.
To solidify the treaty, the French King Louis XIV was married to Maria Theresa, the daughter of Spanish King Philip IV, on this island. The royal wedding transformed the island into a symbol of peace. Since that day, Pheasant Island has been recognized as a joint possession of the two countries.
Pheasant Island is one of the oldest co-governed regions that has managed to maintain its existence to this day.
Every year, from February 1st to July 31st, the island belongs to Spain. Then, from August 1st to January 31st, it falls under French administration. This system has remained unaltered for nearly 400 years.
On paper, the naval commanders of both countries appear to be responsible for the island, but in practice, the management has been delegated to the municipalities of the border towns. The municipalities of Hendaye and Irun take turns in overseeing the island, sending small teams each year for lawn mowing and cleaning tasks. Even the journey to the island varies; sometimes boats are used, while on other days, when the water recedes, it's accessible by foot.
The island, stretching about 200 meters in length and 40 meters in width, stands completely deserted today.
The island is off-limits for visitors, with entry only permitted to a limited number of people on special occasions. Aside from a monument erected in 1659 to commemorate a treaty, there are no other structures on it.
In the past, soldiers used to stand guard along the border. During Franco's regime, the area was heavily fortified. Today, however, the border is one of the most peaceful spots in Europe. The mayors of France and Spain still meet several times a year to discuss water quality, fishing rights, and environmental issues.
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